Phyto

All About CBD: Basics of the Endocannabinoid System

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“Endocannabinoid” is a word that has become exceptionally popular these last several years. Thanks to research and scientific breakthrough, we’re discovering more answers to our questions surrounding endocannabinoids and phytocannabinoids like cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and how they affect the receptors in our bodies.

The System

The endocannabinoid system (ECS), named after the cannabis plant itself in the 1990’s, makes its home in the entirety of the human body. Endogenous cannabinoid receptors are found in our organs, connective tissues, immune cells, reproductive tracts, and brains; each location performing different tasks with the same goal – maintaining stability within the body to regulate the effects of external fluctuations, which we know as homeostasis.

We have discovered that the endocannabinoid system plays a huge part in homeostasis throughout not only our bodies, but every vertebrate’s body as well. Not only useful for homeostasis, scientists have uncovered multiple other physiological processes that the ECS is involved in, such as pain-sensation, memory, mood, appetite, and more.

Taking a deeper look into the makeup of the system, we find three major players: the endocannabinoids, the receptors, and metabolic enzymes.

Endocannabinoids

These are molecules that are naturally synthesized by humans and animals that, of course, have the system within. Specializing in intercellular communication, these lipid metabolites (organic fatty compounds) are produced instantly by the body when needed and connect to and activate cannabinoid (CB) receptors. Endo, in Latin, means “within,” so we can understand that endocannabinoids are from inside the body. Cannabinoids, without the prefix, are external compounds that function with the same receptors as endocannabinoids.

The dominant endocannabinoids are anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG, thank goodness).

Anandamide, named so in homage to the Sanskrit word “ananda” meaning happiness, is a neurotransmitter synthesized in the brain that binds to CB receptors. Anandamide is studied to positively affect mood regulation, feelings of anxiety and fear and more, and aptly nickenamed the “bliss molecule.”

2-AG is an endogenous ligand (specialized protein) for the CB2 receptor and an agonist for the CB1 receptor. This protein helps regulate appetite, pain management and immune system functions.

The Receptors

CB1 and CB2 comprise the main types of receptors in the ECS, with more being studied as we speak.  

CB1 receptors are principally located within the brain and central/peripheral nervous system, with branches reaching to the spinal cord, liver, kidneys, digestive tract, muscles, and lungs as well. These receptors are known for their participation in cardiovascular activity and motor control, as well as expressing the psychoactive effects of THC.

CB2 receptors take their place in the immune and gastrointestinal system. Although seen in the brain and possibly the peripheral nervous system, they don’t present as densely as CB1 in the same areas. Nearly every disease that poses a detriment to human health has shown a change in CB2 receptor expression and endocannabinoid levels in general.

How do these spectacular physical structures work? I think data scientist Nick Jikomes portrayed the process flawlessly:

“Cannabinoid receptors sit on the surface of cells and “listen” to conditions outside the cell. They transmit information about changing conditions to the inside of the cell, kick-starting the appropriate cellular response.”

The Enzymes

The role of metabolic enzymes in the ECS is to decimate the endocannabinoids immediately after their purpose is fulfilled, preventing the molecules from loitering in the body. The special enzymes that take care of this are fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL).

FAAH hydrolyzes anandamide, while MAGL is responsible for the metabolism of 2-AG.

CBD and the ECS

With the knowledge that anandamide interacts with our bodies in such positive ways, don’t you think we should try to inhibit its breakdown? If you do, then that is a perfect motivator in making CBD a regular part of your wellness routine.

FAAH’s process of hydrolyzing anandamide is inhibited by CBD, thus increasing activity of the bliss molecule. This is accomplished by CBD blocking access of endocannabinoids onto transport molecules, temporarily disabling FAAH’s mechanism.  

Isolated CBD can’t maintain all the work on its own, however, so thanks to the entourage effect we see major benefits to our whole endocannabinoid system, not just a concentrated portion of it.

Final Thoughts

Thank you for sticking around and learning about the ECS! There’s so much more to learn, and sometimes all of this can get complicated. I encourage you to stick with it and educate your friends and family that may have questions on what we already know.

All About CBD: How are Hemp and Marijuana Different?

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Allow me to start with the basics – Cannabaceae is the family of flowering plants in which the genera of hops, nettle trees, and cannabis exists. Within the genus of cannabis lies two classifications: Sativa and Indica.

For the past several years, cbd and cannabis products have been scientifically studied and researched more than ever before. As we learn new things about the botanical, we realize what misinformation has been thought to be correct for hundreds of years, which is why many people simply do not know the differences of cannabis, hemp, and marijuana.

Although the biological structures of marijuana and hemp are indeed different, they are both species of Cannabis Sativa.

The Look

Anyone with an unpracticed eye may very well confuse the two if asked to imagine the plants in their heads, but once you’re given the info, their distinctions are easily discernible.  

Hemp tends to be tall, growing between 7-13 feet in height. The branches and leaves are concentrated towards the top of the plant and bear a thinner semblance than marijuana.

Marijuana on the other hand usually grows shorter and stubbier, possessing broad leaves and dense buds. This plant requires a strictly controlled environment to thrive, unlike hemp which needs less attention.

If you were to see a plot of land growing only hemp next to another plot growing only marijuana, you would see the differences instantly. There shouldn’t be any cannabis-rich plots of land so closely bunched however, because cross-pollination from hemp to marijuana would compromise the cannabinoid content.

Cannabinoids

One of largest distinctions we see in the industry comes down to the two famous cannabinoids that are present in both marijuana and hemp: Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and Cannabidiol (CBD). The amount in which the compounds are present in each plant is drastically different however. These compounds are nearly identical in that the sole microscopic difference in chemical makeup is a single atom.

How can these two be drastically different if they appear virtually uniform? It’s surprising how this small of a variance can affect our endocannabinoid system.

These cannabinoids, among others found in cannabis, have shown tremendous benefits for human health. The largest contrasting attribute however is that THC possesses psychoactive properties, in which the user can feel “euphoria,” whereas CBD does not. Further, CBD may even inhibit the saturation of THC in the brain when consumed.  

Uses

The cannabis plants have been revered for millennia due to their vast range of uses. In ancient times, they were harvested and crafted into building materials like rope, as well used for medicine and religious ceremonies.

Funny as time flies and some things remain the same. In modern days, we are discovering that there is an illimitable amount of ways these plants can help us, from ecotechnological advancement to treating epilepsy.

The noticeable difference of marijuana and hemp however is the amount in which the chemical cousins are produced. Marijuana contains much higher amounts of THC (5 to 30+ per cent) and lower traces of CBD. This is the opposite truth of hemp, as it contains a higher amount of CBD and next to nothing in THC (0.3 to 1.5 per cent).

With these perceptions, we can understand their uses in society better. Hemp, due to its stature, availability and chemical makeup, is superior for industrial applications and extracting CBD with miniscule amounts of THC. Marijuana is preferred for recreational and medicinal uses due to its higher THC content and entourage effect with CBD.

Legalities

This is always an interesting topic because there have been constant changes in United States cannabis legislation for years.

Keeping up with current laws is absolutely vital for cannabis businesses, both in agriculture and retail, to survive. There are so many details that go into the farming, manufacturing, distributing and selling that could change at any moment, so adjustments must be made quickly and correctly.

Marijuana is and has been federally illegal since the Controlled Substances Act of 1970. Colorado and Washington state prepared bills suggesting the regulated use of recreational cannabis, both of which were successful. Following their lead, we now have 10 states that allow for recreational use. Even before these measures however, medical marijuana was available in certain U.S. states, with additions to make the current total 33.  

Hemp was lumped in with marijuana in the act of 1970, despite its distinguishing qualities. Colorado once again lead the way and legalized the commercial cultivation of hemp on the state level. It was the following year that the U.S. hit a milestone in the industry when President Obama signed the Farm Bill update of 2014, which finally redefined hemp as a separate entity from marijuana and allowed research and scientific development.

As of December 11th, 2018,  the Senate voted 87-13 in favor of the updated Farm Bill of 2018, and the House of Representatives on December 12th voted in favor 386-47. The outcome of the bill passing? $867 in subsidies divvied between farmers, reinforcing economic growth and marketing for Farmers’ Markets, rejecting stricter limits on food stamps and, of course, legalizing hemp.

Final Thoughts

Hemp and marijuana are amazing plants and provide an astounding volume of distinct uses. Now that you know their primary differences, you can begin or continue your wellness routine feeling knowledgeable and hopefully more comfortable; that’s what I’m here for! If you have any questions or comments, you can head over to @phytoextractum on Twitter.

Lab Testing: Why Buying Lab Tested Kratom Is Important

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Researching Kratom strains, powders, and vendors will often bring you to these words: lab tested Kratom. Often, sites (ours included!) will talk about why buying Kratom from a vendor that does lab testing for quality on their Kratom is important.

But what exactly does that mean, and why does it matter so much?

We think it’s important for Kratom consumers to be able to make informed decisions about the products that they buy and the vendors that they buy from. To be able to do this, you’ll need to know a bit more about what lab testing Kratom involves, how companies do it, and why it matters so much. Let’s get into it!

What Is Kratom Lab Testing?

Like with all botanicals, it is possible to run Kratom through a series of tests at an accredited testing laboratory to ensure that the powder is what the supplier says that it is.

In the case of Kratom lab testing, the testing is usually done to ensure all of the following:

  • • Identity, i.e. that the plant material is actually Kratom
  • • No pathogens or other contaminants present
  • • Sample does not contain high levels of heavy metals
  • • Kratom isn’t mixed with an undisclosed substance
  • • Amount of common alkaloids, mitragynine, and 7-hydroxymitragynine
  • • Alkaloids are real

For most commercially available Kratom, the amount of mitragynine present is not typically more than 2%. There is usually even less 7-hydroxymitragynine in any given substance unless it has been processed further into a tincture or extract.

As far as pathogens, it is possible that Kratom that is not processed safely by the supplier could contain the following:

  • • Coliforms
  • • Salmonella
  • • Mold or yeast

Finally, the following heavy metals should be tested for in Kratom supplies:

  • • Arsenic
  • • Lead
  • • Mercury
  • • Cadmium
  • • Nickel

When a Kratom seller tests their supply in a lab, they are typically testing for pathogens, metals, and alkaloid content to ensure that their customers will only be sold high-quality Kratom that is not dangerous to use.

Why Is Kratom Lab Testing Important?

The biggest reason that Kratom lab testing is important is to ensure both the safety and the quality of the product that is being sold to Kratom consumers.

Contaminated Kratom can cause illnesses such as a Staph or Salmonella infection, and both of these conditions can be dangerous if not treated properly. If a Kratom user gets sick from their Kratom, they might not even know that either of these infections is a risk to them!

For that reason, it’s very important that vendors do their due diligence and have their supplies regularly tested for quality and safety purposes. Without testing, they could be accidentally giving their customers an adulterated or contaminated product.

Testing is always important when consumables are being sold, and that truth is no different when it comes to Kratom.

Advocating For Safety Testing

Another reason that it is very important to test Kratom for safety is to help dispel many of the misunderstandings and misconceptions about Kratom consumption that are commonly spread.

Kratom consumption is currently a grey zone in terms of its legality. While it has not been banned in most places, it is also not regulated in most places. Instead, Kratom waits somewhere in the middle. And all it takes is one bad batch of Kratom for it to be ruled illegal and dangerous.

As a Kratom vendor, it is part of our responsibility to the community to help prove that Kratom can be safe when used and vetted properly. Like anything that you eat, it can be dangerous if the supplier was not honest about its source. For that reason, it is incredibly important to test Kratom.

Having solid testing proof about the composition and safety of Kratom – in the form of Certificates of Analysis from accredited labs – will help to advocate for its regulation as a safe and beneficial supplement. Any vendor that sells a product without testing is putting both their customers and the entire Kratom community at risk due to bad products.

How To Know If Lab Testing Was Done

Now we’ve come to another difficult part of understanding what goes into lab testing Kratom: how do you know that the testing was completed?

First, you’ll need to check the website of the vendor in question. Because there are not yet any widespread systems of proving whether a vendor tests their product or not, you will need to a little bit of research on your own.

Some vendors have worked with the AKA – American Kratom Association – to show that they regularly test their product and have other Good Manufacturing Practices in place, and this may be noted on their website by a seal that they are GMP Qualified.

If you do not see evidence of lab testing on a company’s website or marketing materials, ask for Certificates of Analysis. Any reputable vendor should be willing to provide you with this document that guarantees lab testing and quality assurance.

Without the legitimate proof demonstrated by Certificates of Analysis, it will be up to you to do the investigative legwork and decide whether or not you believe vendor claims that they tested a product.

Our Testing Policy

Here at Phytoextractum, we are very proud of our commitment to only selling high quality products that pass lab testing and meet all of our other rigorous standards.

In fact, we were one of the first companies to be recognized by AKA as a GMP Qualified Kratom Vendor!

This means that we have proven to AKA, through an independent third-party audit, that we follow all of the standards for both processing and manufacturing Kratom to ensure our customers’ safety. You can read our final audit report which confirmed our status as GMP qualified here.

We hope that today’s article has helped you to get a more complete understanding of what it is that we mean when we say that we are dedicated to lab testing our products to ensure that you are getting the highest quality Kratom that we can possibly offer to you at this time.

Response to FDA Statement on Heavy Metals

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April 5, 2019

Dear Valued Phytoextractum Customers,

We know many of you have seen the FDA’s most recent statement on kratom, regarding what they’re calling high levels of heavy metals found in kratom products. At Phyto, we hold the health and safety of our customers as our highest priority, and we take our responsibility to provide pure, safe products seriously. Because of this commitment to our customers, we are constantly working to stay current with Good Manufacturing Practices, and we recently underwent a third-party audit to validate our GMP compliance.

We’d like to address a few things in the FDA’s statement:

First, it’s troubling that we have never been contacted by the FDA about high levels of metals in our products. We are registered as a dry food facility with the FDA, which led us to believe that it was incumbent upon them to alert us to any concerns regarding the safety of our products.

Phytoextractum has no information regarding the samples the FDA used in their tests, including when or how the FDA acquired our products or when they tested the samples they obtained.

We can only assume that they were part of samples taken and tested as part of an FDA investigation of an unrelated food safety issue in March of 2018. FDA representatives were at our facility for several days, inspecting, taking samples, and meeting with our company. They never mentioned an issue with metals at that time.

If these samples are from that investigation, their product lots were pulled from the market over 12 months ago as part of the extensive recall we did in cooperation with the FDA. Further, it would indicate that the FDA was rehashing old information, not in an attempt to protect the public, but as a way to target and further stigmatize kratom. 

Additionally, the numbers the FDA is publicizing are misleading. While their recommendations for the presence of heavy metals use the ‘micrograms per kilogram’ format, their recently publicized metal levels are represented in the ‘nanograms per gram’ format.

The FDA is not changing the numbers, i.e. the analytical data, but they are changing how the numbers are presented and therefore interpreted in order to draw more attention to this issue than it actually warrants. If this were an actual threat to public health, we expect the FDA would have moved more quickly to alert vendors and consumers about specific affected products.

While Phyto has always prioritized customer safety, in the year since our product recall we have fine-tuned our policies and procedures to achieve compliance with Good Manufacturing Practices as defined by the FDA and to become an American Kratom Association GMP Qualified vendor. This includes comprehensive lab testing for identity, purity, and contaminants such as high levels of heavy metals for all products.

After learning of the FDA’s statement on heavy metals in kratom products, we consulted our testing laboratory. They reviewed our test results and provided the following information: “all metals analyzed in here are at less than limits concentrations assuming that daily [serving] is 10 g. For example, Lead result is 0.450 mg/Kg with the limit of 0.5 mg/Kg. So, it is a PASS result based on USP limits [see chart below].“

We never introduce products to the market that do not pass rigorous quality assurance tests and meet our own high standards. Our company keeps Certificates of Analysis on file for all products, we and are happy to share those with our customers at their request.

Please feel free to contact our customer support team with any questions you may have about our products or practices.

Georgia State Senate Unanimously Approves Kratom Bill

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Another legislatively victory for the kratom community! The Georgia State Senate has unanimously passed the Kratom Consumer Protection Act, following its approval in the Georgia House by an overwhelming 164-1 vote. The bill now goes to the Governor’s office, to be signed into law.

The Kratom Consumer Protection Act will keep consumers safe from adulterated or mislabeled kratom products. It will also ensure the future of kratom by demanding that responsible, compliant vendors step up to lead the industry. We applaud the work of the American Kratom Association, organizing and educating in Georgia. Of course, this progress would not be possible without the political will and engagement of kratom consumers like you.

Phytoextractum is a proud supporter of the American Kratom Association, and we hope our customers will be too! Their important work is funded by donations and volunteer work from vendors and consumers. Please support the AKA however you are able!

Georgia Update from the AKA:

Georgia State Senate Unanimously Approves Kratom Bill

Utah Passes Kratom Consumer Protection Act

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We’ve just learned from the American Kratom Association that the Kratom Consumer Protection Act has been passed and signed into law in Utah! This important legislation will protect kratom consumers from adulterated, contaminated, and mislabeled products and will encourage a responsible and compliant kratom industry.

We are grateful to the AKA for their leadership on this issue and their diligence in educating Utah’s lawmakers about kratom, to the legislators who championed our cause, and to all the vendors and consumers who supported this effort on the ground in various ways.

Because of the Kratom Consumer Protection Act, consumers are safer – and so is kratom. Phytoextractum is proud to support the AKA’s important work and to be an AKA GMP Qualified Kratom Vendor. We encourage all kratom consumers to learn more about the AKA’s efforts and to support them however you can!

From the American Kratom Association: